Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are two common cancer treatments with both similarities and differences. Unlike radiation therapy, chemotherapy uses drugs that travel through the bloodstream to target and destroy cancer cells throughout the body. This systemic action makes it especially useful for cancers that have spread or have a high risk of spreading. On the other hand, radiation therapy uses high-energy rays, such as X-rays or gamma rays, aimed at a specific part of the body to destroy localized cancer cells. Whereas chemotherapy affects the whole body, radiation therapy is localized. However, chemotherapy may cause side effects like nausea, fatigue, immune suppression, and hair loss, while radiation therapy’s side effects are typically limited to the treated area, such as skin irritation or tissue damage. Both treatments are essential in modern oncology and may be used alone or in combination, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. Likewise, they share a common goal: to eliminate cancer cells and prevent their growth. Chemotherapy is usually administered in cycles, either orally or intravenously. Radiation therapy, too, is typically given in daily sessions over several weeks. Similarly, despite differences in method and scope, both therapies contribute significantly to improving patient outcomes.